3. Why it was only the Northend Ireland join to England?
The emergence of Sinn Fein: AD 1916-1919
In the years after the events of 1916 more people than ever before in Ireland believed that independence from Britain is the only way forward. At this stage the majority still put faith in constitutional methods recommended by John Redmond's Nationalist Home Rule party. The approach of Sinn Feiners violence, as seen in the Easter Rising, which had relatively little support.
This change for several years, mainly because the British government's inability to provide new initiatives as the World War sucks, and thus delay - seems endless - the fulfillment of Home Rule Act passed in 1914.
Asquith and Lloyd George to make efforts in the right direction. Consultation is carried out, the convention was held, and the prisoners serving jail sentences for the 1916 Easter event, which was released in two waves (in December 1916, June 1917).
But the atmosphere in Ireland's impatience grows. Sinn Fein candidates began to win the election for a sensational victory, and the parties have an energetic new leader. Éamon de Valera, was released from prison in June 1917, elected to the head of Sinn Fein, replacing its founder Arthur Griffith.
Unrest increased in the spring of 1918 when the British government, very short people in the western front, efforts to implement conscription in Ireland. Protests followed, and the heavy hand of the authorities response Dublin exacerbate the situation. Vice king, claiming evidence of a treasonable conspiracy between Sinn Fein and Germany, the arrest of seventy-three Sinn Fein leaders, including Griffith and de Valera, for one night in May.
No one believes in the German plot, and when the evidence produced is almost entirely related to the already well-known events 1914-16. The resulting mood in Ireland is expressed in terms that are not clear in the general election in December 1918.
Sinn Fein poll more than two times as many votes as the Nationalist party, and won all but six seats previously held by the Nationalists. De Valera defeated Nationalist leader (now John Dillon, after Redmond's death), and the new leading light of the republican movement, Michael Collins, returned to West Cork.
The members of Sinn Fein did not intend to take their seats at Westminster. Instead, they gathered in the Dublin Mansion House in January 1919 as the Dail Éireann (Assembly Eire). Officers elected: Griffith of the Interior, Collins Financial, de Valera as President. De Valera once again in prison in Britain; national assembly is not only in name. But two years of violence will change that.
Stumbling towards a settlement: AD 1920-1922
In 1920 Lloyd George to secure part of the Government of Ireland Act which put a new spin on the proposal passed into law in 1914. The division of Ireland must be accepted as a necessary compromise, but both southern Ireland (twenty-six counties) and Northern Ireland (the six districts of the northeast Ulster) are now to have their own parliament with limited powers handed. Each parliament is to send two dozen members of the Board along with Ireland, which may at any time combine the two without requiring further legislation from Westminster.
Nationalist proposal does not meet the desire to unite Ireland, Unionist and a desire to remain a part that is not distinguishable from the United Kingdom. But both sides decided to take part in elections held in May 1921.
Southern Ireland the old Nationalist party, under John Dillon, refrain from opposing Sinn Fein. Therefore, Sinn Fein won 124 of 128 seats (the other four are reserved for strong Unionist Trinity College in Dublin). Feiners Sinn 124 is now assembled as reconstituted Dail. But this is not the southern parliament provided for in Lloyd George's action, and the IRA continued to conduct terrorist acts in Sinn Fein's republican cause.
In northern Ireland forty-member union and twelve Nationalists selected. Although the unions object to the principle of this parliament, it was officially opened by George V (with a powerful speech urging reconciliation) in June 1921.
With much accomplished, Lloyd George offered a truce to the Sinn Fein leader, Eamon de Valera, and invited him to London in order to work out an agreement.
Ceasefire came into effect on July 11, 1921. Violence in southern Ireland immediately stopped. De Valera sends representatives, led by Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins, to the peace talks in London. They agreed to the terms that do not meet the demand for a united Irish nationalists, but which still offers the independence of the twenty-six districts. Irish Free State as they have the status of the Dominion, in the formula pioneered by Canada. Republican sensibilities assuaged by the faithful to the British crown only as head of the 'British Commonwealth of Nations'.
Anglo-Irish Treaty was ratified by the British parliament in December 1921, but soon ran into trouble in Ireland. De Valera rejected it, arguing that the delegates agreed to terms beyond their brief. In January, after a heated debate in the Dail, Griffith and Collins carry the movement of their agreement with the narrow margin of 64 votes to 57. De Valera immediately resigns as president of the Dail. Griffith elected in his place.
In northern Ireland the new parliament is now functioning, and already there is talk about the accommodation of some kind with the south. But civil war south of the border and sectarian riots in the north to end it. For the rest of the century, from 1922, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland apart.
Edited From: http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&u=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.a
Selasa, 23 Februari 2010
Why St George?
All we know of St George is that he was a Christian soldier in the Roman army, martyred in Palestine or Nicomedia (in what is now Turkey) in the early fourth century. So how did this obscure figure end up as our patron saint?
St George was killed during the last and most terrible of the Roman persecutions of Christians, under Emperor Diocletian, lasting from AD 302-5. Around ten years after his death, a Christian emperor, Constantine, came to power, and George was now one of many martyrs revered as a saint. He was a popular saint in the east, and a Church in his honour was built at the site of his grave, in Lydda, Palestine.
The cult of the saint was given a huge boost during the First Crusade, when he was said to have appeared to the crusading armies at the Battle of Dorylaeum, in 1097, and the Siege of Antioch, in 1198. Both were great crusading victories, and so St George came to be seen as a protector of Christian soldiery.
Dragon killer
The story of St George killing the dragon was first told, in the east, in the 11th century. It was popularised in Europe by the Italian writer, Jacobus de Voragine (1229-1281) in his collection of saints' lives, The Golden Legend. In the late 15th century, this was the most widely printed book in Europe. According to Jacobus, a town called Sylene in Libya was terrorised by a dragon. The local people had to provide the monster with a female victim every day, chosen by lot. When St George visited the town, he discovered that the king's daughter was the chosen victim. St George wounded the dragon, and then led it back to Sylene, where he told the people that he would kill the monster if they converted to Christianity. When they agreed, he chopped off its head.
Edited from: http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/st-george-flag/biography/who-was-st-george
All we know of St George is that he was a Christian soldier in the Roman army, martyred in Palestine or Nicomedia (in what is now Turkey) in the early fourth century. So how did this obscure figure end up as our patron saint?
St George was killed during the last and most terrible of the Roman persecutions of Christians, under Emperor Diocletian, lasting from AD 302-5. Around ten years after his death, a Christian emperor, Constantine, came to power, and George was now one of many martyrs revered as a saint. He was a popular saint in the east, and a Church in his honour was built at the site of his grave, in Lydda, Palestine.
The cult of the saint was given a huge boost during the First Crusade, when he was said to have appeared to the crusading armies at the Battle of Dorylaeum, in 1097, and the Siege of Antioch, in 1198. Both were great crusading victories, and so St George came to be seen as a protector of Christian soldiery.
Dragon killer
The story of St George killing the dragon was first told, in the east, in the 11th century. It was popularised in Europe by the Italian writer, Jacobus de Voragine (1229-1281) in his collection of saints' lives, The Golden Legend. In the late 15th century, this was the most widely printed book in Europe. According to Jacobus, a town called Sylene in Libya was terrorised by a dragon. The local people had to provide the monster with a female victim every day, chosen by lot. When St George visited the town, he discovered that the king's daughter was the chosen victim. St George wounded the dragon, and then led it back to Sylene, where he told the people that he would kill the monster if they converted to Christianity. When they agreed, he chopped off its head.
Edited from: http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/st-george-flag/biography/who-was-st-george
Saint Andrew the Apostle
The first Apostle. Fisherman by trade. Brother of Simon Peter. Follower of John the Baptist. Andrew went through life leading people to Jesus, both before and after the Crucifixion. Missionary in Asia Minor and Greece, and possibly areas in modern Russia and Poland. Martyred on an saltire (x-shaped) cross, he is said to have preached for two days from it.
Some peculiar marriage-related superstitions have attached themselves to Saint Andrew’s feast day.
An old German tradition says that single women who wish to marry should ask for Saint Andrew’s help on the eve of his feast, then sleep naked that night; they will see their future husbands in their dreams.
Another says that young women should note the location of barking dogs on Saint Andrew’s Eve: their future husbands will come from that direction.
On the day after Andrew’s feast, young people float cups in a tub; if a boy’s and a girl’s cup drift together and are intercepted by a cup inscribed “priest”, it indicates marriage.
There are several explanations for why Andrew became the patron of Scotland.
In 345, Emperor Constantine the Great decided to translate Andrew’s bones from Patras, Greece to Constantinople. Saint Regulus of Scotland was instructed by an angel to take many of these relics to the far northwest. He was eventally told to stop on the Fife coast of Scotland, where he founded the settlement of Saint Andrew.
In the 7th century, Saint Wilfrid of York brought some of the saint’s relics with him after a pilgrimage to Rome, Italy. The Scots king, Angus MacFergus, installed them at Saint Andrew’s to enhance the prestige of the new diocese.
When the Pictish King Angus faced a large invading army, he prayed for guidance. A white cloud in the form of a saltire cross floated across the blue sky above him. Angus won a decisive victory, and decreed that Andrew would be the patron saint of his country. Following Robert Bruce’s victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Declaration of Arbroath officially named Saint Andrew the patron saint of Scotland. The Saltire became the national flag of Scotland in 1385.
Edited From : http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-andrew-the-apostle/
The first Apostle. Fisherman by trade. Brother of Simon Peter. Follower of John the Baptist. Andrew went through life leading people to Jesus, both before and after the Crucifixion. Missionary in Asia Minor and Greece, and possibly areas in modern Russia and Poland. Martyred on an saltire (x-shaped) cross, he is said to have preached for two days from it.
Some peculiar marriage-related superstitions have attached themselves to Saint Andrew’s feast day.
An old German tradition says that single women who wish to marry should ask for Saint Andrew’s help on the eve of his feast, then sleep naked that night; they will see their future husbands in their dreams.
Another says that young women should note the location of barking dogs on Saint Andrew’s Eve: their future husbands will come from that direction.
On the day after Andrew’s feast, young people float cups in a tub; if a boy’s and a girl’s cup drift together and are intercepted by a cup inscribed “priest”, it indicates marriage.
There are several explanations for why Andrew became the patron of Scotland.
In 345, Emperor Constantine the Great decided to translate Andrew’s bones from Patras, Greece to Constantinople. Saint Regulus of Scotland was instructed by an angel to take many of these relics to the far northwest. He was eventally told to stop on the Fife coast of Scotland, where he founded the settlement of Saint Andrew.
In the 7th century, Saint Wilfrid of York brought some of the saint’s relics with him after a pilgrimage to Rome, Italy. The Scots king, Angus MacFergus, installed them at Saint Andrew’s to enhance the prestige of the new diocese.
When the Pictish King Angus faced a large invading army, he prayed for guidance. A white cloud in the form of a saltire cross floated across the blue sky above him. Angus won a decisive victory, and decreed that Andrew would be the patron saint of his country. Following Robert Bruce’s victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Declaration of Arbroath officially named Saint Andrew the patron saint of Scotland. The Saltire became the national flag of Scotland in 1385.
Edited From : http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-andrew-the-apostle/
2. Who Was St. Patrick?
St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, is one of Christianity's most widely known figures. But for all his celebrity, his life remains somewhat of a mystery. Many of the stories traditionally associated with St. Patrick, including the famous account of his banishing all the snakes from Ireland, are false, the products of hundreds of years of exaggerated storytelling.
It is known that St. Patrick was born in Britain to wealthy parents near the end of the fourth century. He is believed to have died on March 17, around 460 A.D. Although his father was a Christian deacon, it has been suggested that he probably took on the role because of tax incentives and there is no evidence that Patrick came from a particularly religious family. At the age of sixteen, Patrick was taken prisoner by a group of Irish raiders who were attacking his family's estate. They transported him to Ireland where he spent six years in captivity. (There is some dispute over where this captivity took place. Although many believe he was taken to live in Mount Slemish in County Antrim, it is more likely that he was held in County Mayo near Killala.) During this time, he worked as a shepherd, outdoors and away from people. Lonely and afraid, he turned to his religion for solace, becoming a devout Christian. (It is also believed that Patrick first began to dream of converting the Irish people to Christianity during his captivity.)
Edited from this Link :http://www.history.com/content/stpatricksday/who-was-st.-patrick
St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, is one of Christianity's most widely known figures. But for all his celebrity, his life remains somewhat of a mystery. Many of the stories traditionally associated with St. Patrick, including the famous account of his banishing all the snakes from Ireland, are false, the products of hundreds of years of exaggerated storytelling.
It is known that St. Patrick was born in Britain to wealthy parents near the end of the fourth century. He is believed to have died on March 17, around 460 A.D. Although his father was a Christian deacon, it has been suggested that he probably took on the role because of tax incentives and there is no evidence that Patrick came from a particularly religious family. At the age of sixteen, Patrick was taken prisoner by a group of Irish raiders who were attacking his family's estate. They transported him to Ireland where he spent six years in captivity. (There is some dispute over where this captivity took place. Although many believe he was taken to live in Mount Slemish in County Antrim, it is more likely that he was held in County Mayo near Killala.) During this time, he worked as a shepherd, outdoors and away from people. Lonely and afraid, he turned to his religion for solace, becoming a devout Christian. (It is also believed that Patrick first began to dream of converting the Irish people to Christianity during his captivity.)
Edited from this Link :http://www.history.com/content/stpatricksday/who-was-st.-patrick
1. Why the other name of Union Flag (U.K) is Union Jack?
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In 1194 A.D., Richard I of England introduced the Cross of St. George, a red cross on a white background, as the the national flag of England until James I succeeded to the throne in 1603. James I of England was also King James VI of Scotland and in 1606 the Scottish flag of St. Andrew, a diagonal white cross on a blue background, was combined with the Cross of St. George.
By 1707 this flag was known as the "The Union" and was flown from the Royal Navy's mastheads. It was also flown from a jackstaff, a small flag pole at the bow of a ship and it was from this that it probably got its name of the "Union Jack". In 1801 Northern Ireland became part of the United Kingdom and St. Patrick's flag, a red diagonal cross on a white background, was added to the Union Jack by King George III. In 1779 there was another two years to go before St. Patrick's flag was added and that's why the flag in the memorial is as it is.
But what about the other country in the United Kingdom, Wales? Because when the first Union Flag was created in 1606, Wales was already united with England. Wales was conquered by England in the 13th Century and in 1536, under Henry VIII, the Act of Union officially joined England and Wales. Therefore Wales is represented by the English flag instead of the Welsh dragon or the yellow cross on a black background of St. David.
Another story about name “Union Jack” :
The national flag of the United Kingdom is worn as a Jack at the bow by all HM ships in commission when alongside or when 'dressed overall'. This is the only occasion when it is correctly called the Union Jack, although it is generally known by this name through common usage. It is also flown during Courts Martial and is the Distinguishing Flag of an Admiral of the Fleet.
Edited from this link: http://www.unionjacksupplies.co.uk/unionjack_history.htm
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In 1194 A.D., Richard I of England introduced the Cross of St. George, a red cross on a white background, as the the national flag of England until James I succeeded to the throne in 1603. James I of England was also King James VI of Scotland and in 1606 the Scottish flag of St. Andrew, a diagonal white cross on a blue background, was combined with the Cross of St. George.
By 1707 this flag was known as the "The Union" and was flown from the Royal Navy's mastheads. It was also flown from a jackstaff, a small flag pole at the bow of a ship and it was from this that it probably got its name of the "Union Jack". In 1801 Northern Ireland became part of the United Kingdom and St. Patrick's flag, a red diagonal cross on a white background, was added to the Union Jack by King George III. In 1779 there was another two years to go before St. Patrick's flag was added and that's why the flag in the memorial is as it is.
But what about the other country in the United Kingdom, Wales? Because when the first Union Flag was created in 1606, Wales was already united with England. Wales was conquered by England in the 13th Century and in 1536, under Henry VIII, the Act of Union officially joined England and Wales. Therefore Wales is represented by the English flag instead of the Welsh dragon or the yellow cross on a black background of St. David.
Another story about name “Union Jack” :
The national flag of the United Kingdom is worn as a Jack at the bow by all HM ships in commission when alongside or when 'dressed overall'. This is the only occasion when it is correctly called the Union Jack, although it is generally known by this name through common usage. It is also flown during Courts Martial and is the Distinguishing Flag of an Admiral of the Fleet.
Edited from this link: http://www.unionjacksupplies.co.uk/unionjack_history.htm
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